Therapeutic cancer vaccines are a form of immunotherapy in the making that could not only destroy cancer cells in patients, but keep a cancer from coming back and spreading.
Mar 15 2024Wyss Institute at Harvard University Multiple therapeutic cancer vaccines are being studied in clinical trials, but despite their promise, they are not routinely used yet by clinical oncologists to treat their patients.
Now, a research team at the Wyss Institute at Harvard University, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Harvard Medical School , and Korea Institute of Science and Technology has created a DNA origami platform called DoriVac, whose core component is a self-assembling square block-shaped nanostructure. To one face of the square block, defined numbers of adjuvant molecules can be attached in highly tunable, nanoprecise patterns, while the opposite face can bind tumor antigens.
DNA origami rationale The CpG adjuvant is a synthetic strand of DNA made up of repeated CpG nucleotide motifs that mimic the genetic material from immune cell-invading bacterial and viral pathogens. Like its natural counterparts, CpG adjuvants bind to a "danger receptor" called TLR9 in immune cells, which in turn induces an inflammatory immune response that works in concert with the antigen-induced immune response.
Besides spacing, the numbers of CpG molecules in DoriVac vaccines also mattered. The team tested vaccines containing between 12 to 63 optimally spaced CpG molecules and found that 18 CpG molecules provided the best APC activation. This meant that their approach can also help limit the dosage of CpG molecules and thus minimize commonly observed toxic side effects observed with adjuvants.
Finally, the researchers asked whether DoriVac could synergize with immune checkpoint therapy, which reactivates T cells that have been silenced in tumors. In mice, the two therapies combined resulted in the total regression of melanoma tumors, and prevented them from growing back when the animals were exposed to the same tumor cells again four months later. The animals had built up an immune memory of the tumor. The team obtained a similar vaccination efficiency in a mouse lymphoma model.
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