U.S. and European startups are racing to develop new batteries using two abundant, cheap materials — sodium and sulfur — that could reduce China's battery dominance, ease looming supply bottlenecks and lead to mass-market electric vehicles (EVs).
The single most expensive element of an EV battery is the cathode, which accounts for up to a third of the cost of a battery cell.
"The introduction cost for lithium sulfur is likely to be higher — even though it has the potential to be the lowest cost — making consumer electronics the initial application,” Patil said.are developing sodium ion batteries using sodium chloride — basically table salt — as the main cathode ingredient. They do not need lithium, cobalt or nickel — the three most expensive battery ingredients.
By using ubiquitous cathode materials — sulfur is widely used in fertilizer, so is cheap like salt — these startups claim battery costs could be slashed by up to two thirds, potentially making EVs affordable beyond the middle class."If we can hit the targets we've identified with some of the world's largest automakers, then we're off to the races," Conamix CEO Charlotte Hamilton said.
Michigan-based Amandarry is already producing sodium ion cells at its plant in Haining, China, so those cells won't qualify for incentives under the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act.Partner Amy Chen says Amandarry's first transportation application will likely be electric two-wheelers. Faradion's Quinn said the company's batteries are also already competitive with LFP cells and it has formed a joint venture for energy storage with agribusiness giant ICM Australia.
Theion expects to begin supplying batteries later this year to power pumps in commercial rockets during launch. Ehmes said the company plans to begin sending test cells to vehicle manufacturers in 2024, with the first production EV applications expected around 2027.
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