Concrete and steel are the biggest industrial products that aren’t fossil fuels, and have a massive climate footprint.
, but all of them are more expensive. That’s why this is one of the few areas where carbon capture and sequestration might make sense, because the additional cost is competing with more expensive alternatives. Pricing carbon will help this.
A specific challenge with concrete is that it’s in building codes which can be hyper-local. Often those codes are very specific about the composition of the concrete and cement, so alternatives are very difficult or even impossible to use. This is one of many areas where theSteel is a greenhouse gas emissions problem at around the same 8% level as concrete.
However, we are already making about 100 million tons of steel a year using direct reduction of iron processes. That uses synthetic gases currently made from natural gas or coal gas instead of coal. The synthetic gases can be replaced with biologically sourced gases up to a point, and the heat required for the process can be electric. Midrex, a major steel manufacturing equipment provider, already does most of this.
My projection is that steel demand will be flattening in the coming decades with China having completed its major industrialization and urbanization sprints, India and Africa seeing slower growth, and global population growth stopping between 2050 and 2070. We’ll pivot to much more scrapping of existing steel and low-carbon steel manufacturing processes for the remaining new steel requirement.
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