Is the future of humanity in space or on multiple planets?
), space agencies and astronautical engineers began contemplating long-term missions beyond Earth and the Earth-Moon system. In addition to exploration missions, there were many proposals for how permanent human outposts could be created on neighboring planets.
, a science fiction book set in the year 2245 that tells the story of how humans colonized and terraformed Mars. The process began with surplus nuclear missiles being repurposed to introduce chlorofluorocarbons and microbes to Mars. The CFCs, a super greenhouse gas, would warm the Martian atmosphere and melt the polar ice caps, thickening the atmosphere.
Birch also proposed how the atmosphere could be cooled using solar shades stationed at the Sun-Venus L1 Lagrange point. Since Venus receives about twice as much solar radiation as Earth, this would reduce the greenhouse effect and could even freeze atmospheric carbon dioxide, producing dry ice that would fall to the surface.," where he suggested speeding up Venus' rotation.
In 1979, Gerard K. O'Neill described the motivations for his space settlement studies in an interview with. As he indicated, the benefits of the "High Frontier" include relieving population pressures . In addition, these habitats would not be reliant on Earth since they could be built using space resources and provide their own food, fuel, and energy. As he explained:
"These are very ideal climates. They're shirtsleeve environments. This is Maui on his best day, all year long. No rain, no storms, no earthquakes. What does the architecture even look like when it no longer has its primary purpose of shelter? We'll find out. But these are beautiful, people are going to want to live here. And they can be close to Earth so that you can return. This is important because people are going to want to return to Earth.
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