In about 5 billion years, the Sun will leave the main sequence and become a red giant. It'll expand and transform into a glowering, malevolent ball and consume and destroy Mercury, Venus, Earth, and probably Mars.
Where do they all come from? Most are likely ejected from their solar systems due to gravitational events, but some may form via accretion as stars do.
While that was a star and not a planet, it shows that objects pass relatively close by. If the studies that predict billions of free-floating planets are correct, then some of them likely passed close by, or right through, the Oort Cloud long before we had the means to detect them. The third scenario is similar to the second one. It also involves an object from the civilization's outer Solar System. Romanovskaya uses the dwarf planetSedna has a highly eccentric orbit that takes it from 76 AUs from the Sun to 937 AU in about 11,000 years. With sufficient technology and lead time, an object like Sedna could be turned into an escape ship.
The fourth scenario also involves objects like Sedna. When a star leaves the main sequence and expands, there's a critical distance where objects will be ejected from the system rather than remain gravitationally bound to the dying star. In her article, Professor Romanovskaya speculates where this could lead. She envisions a civilization that does this more than once, not to escape a dying star but to spread throughout a galaxy and colonize it.
Maneuvering either a spacecraft or a rogue planet with solar sails would produce"… cyclotron radiation caused by the interaction of the interstellar medium with the magnetic sail".
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