Thanks in large part to telescopes like James Webb, researchers will be able to gauge the chemical makeup of atmospheres of planets around other stars.
TRAPPIST-1e is a rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone of a star 40 light-years from Earth and may have water and clouds, as depicted in this artist's impression. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Wikimedia Commons
Habitable exoplanetsLife might exist in the solar system where there is liquid water — like the subsurface aquifers on Mars or in the oceans of Jupiter’s moon Europa. However, searching for life in these places is incredibly difficult, as they are hard to reach and detecting life would require sending a probe to return physical samples.
Looking for biosignaturesTo detect life on a distant planet, astrobiologists will study starlight that has interacted with a planet’s surface or atmosphere. If the atmosphere or surface was transformed by life, the light may carry a clue, called a “biosignature.” This method can be used to recognize the presence of certain atmospheric gases that are associated with life — such as oxygen or methane — because these gasses leave very specific signatures in light. It could also be used to detect peculiar colors on the surface of a planet. On Earth, for example, the chlorophyll and other pigments plants and algae use for photosynthesis capture specific wavelengths of light.
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