'Joker' is the culmination of an envelope-pushing trend. It could be Hollywood's future.

Analysis: 'Joker' is the culmination of an envelope-pushing trend. It could be Hollywood's future.

, the latest trilogy of somber"Planet of the Apes" thrillers — helped blaze the trail to"Joker," starring Joaquin Phoenix as a troubled stand-up comedian who descends into madness and brutal violence on the margins of Gotham City.

"When you get up to the 20th or 25th installment in a long-running franchise, you have to start playing around, especially with a character that's been around for 80 years," said Gabriel Rossman, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, who specializes in mass media. Todd Phillips, the director and co-writer of"Joker," has been clear about his intent to make a grim, decidedly kid-unfriendly character study in the vein of Martin Scorsese classics such as"Taxi Driver" and"The King of Comedy," using a supervillain tied to a"It really came from this idea: What if you just did a comic-book movie differently?" Phillips recently"We all grew up on these character studies, and they're few and far between nowadays.

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