The more lead people are exposed to in childhood or in the uterus, the more likely they are to engage in criminal behaviour later in life, according to a review of 17 studies
. But establishing this requires “bottom-up” studies that directly measure individuals’ lead exposure and look for links with criminal behaviour.
Talayero and her colleagues have assessed 17 studies of this kind done around the world, including in the US, Scotland, Brazil, South Africa and New Zealand. The studies varied widely in their methods and findings. A few found no links between lead exposure and delinquency. One found a link between exposure and antisocial behaviour, but not arrests. But most did find links between exposure to lead and later arrests or delinquent or aggressive behaviour.
Overall, this shows there is an association, but Talayero says more studies are still needed to establish causality. “It’s really hard to prove,” she says. “There are so many things involved in criminal behaviour, it’s a really complex concept with many additional factors involved.”
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