Humans exhibit a wide variety of differences in sexual development. There is no simple binary. And a history of women playing sports is also a history of questions about their sex.
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The science tells an entirely different story. First, while relatively rare, humans can be born with a range of different chromosomes, including XXY and XO.Our chromosomes do not conclusively determine our sex. For example, in some cases the X and Y chromosomes can recombine, leading to a child with XX chromosomes and male sexual attributes.
Nor does a single gene determine sex. The human fetus develops a “bipotential gonad”, which is then shaped by the actions of a large number of genes. Alterations to each of those genes can cause differences in sexual development. Variations inOn top of this sit hormones, chemical messengers like testosterone, that the developing foetus produces and which trigger changes in genital development.
The West has long expected its female athletes to be “petite” and “graceful”. When the USSR entered the Olympics in 1952, with female athletes who were allowed to display strength and muscularity, it immediately dominated the medal count.
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