Polyphenols in Mediterranean diet may modulate COVID-19 inflammation Coronavirus Disease COVID Diet Inflammation Mediterranean Diet JPBY_official SaludISCIII
By Dr. Liji Thomas, MDNov 15 2022Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. The Mediterranean diet , which residents of the Mediterranean region typically follow, has been praised for its rich anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory content. However, the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which has since claimed over 6.6 million lives, led researchers to focus on the potential benefit of this diet in preventing severe illness and death related to COVID-19.
Taken together, these ingredients supply abundant antioxidants and have been associated with a reduced risk for many chronic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Since the presence of these health conditions is considered a high-risk factor for severe COVID-19, this diet could be associated with protection against COVID-19.
The levels of other cell cycle factors like nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing protein family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome, and toll-like receptors also change in severe COVID-19. These factors also increase the risk of more severe COVID-19 outcomes correlated with high amounts of simple carbohydrates, saturated fat, and low fiber content. For example, one recent hamster experiment showed that continuous ingestion of large quantities of sugar increased the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
MMP-9 could also be implicated in the cytokine storm that is characteristic of severe and fatal COVID-19. Similarly, the inflammatory cytokine wave could result from the induction of COX-2, along with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase , to cause lung inflammation and alveolar injury. Animal models have shown that hydroxytyrosol efficiently inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α , both of which are raised in severe COVID-19.
The outcome is a reduction in ROS levels and activation of other pathways that make nitric oxide available to the cell. This could cause vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation, thus accounting for the positive vasoactive properties of resveratrol that make it useful in COVID-19 attenuation, especially in patients with hypertension or atherosclerosis.
Previous human studies have demonstrated the safety of quercetin and its association with reduced COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit admissions, in addition to accelerated recovery of symptomatic patients. Laboratory tests have also shown lower levels of inflammation in treated subjects.
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