Spontaneous vortex formation by microswimmers with retarded attractions - Nature Communications

Laser-controlled synthetic microswimmers show swarmintelligence can be caused by physical mechanisms unileipzig NatureComms

consists of an inverted microscope with a mounted piezo translation stage . The sample is illuminated with an oil-immersion darkfield condenser and a white-light LED . The scattered light is imaged by an objective lens and a tube lens to an EMCCD camera . The variable numerical aperture of the objective was set to a value below the minimum aperture of the darkfield condenser.

The microparticles are heated by a focused, continuous-wave laser at a wavelength of 532 nm . The beam diameter is increased by a beam expander and sent to an acousto-optic deflector and a lens system to steer the laser focus in the sample plane. The deflected beam is directed towards the sample by a dichroic beam splitter and focused by an oil-immersion objective to the sample plane . A notch filter is used to block any remaining back reflections of the laser from the detection path.

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