🔄FROM THE ARCHIVE: Calculating the most influential scientific equations is no easy task. But these five certainly rank in the top tier.
1905 equation relating mass and energy is both elegant and superficially counterintuitive. It says that energy is equal to the mass of an object in its rest frame multiplied by the speed of light squared. In doing so, Einstein revealed that mass and energy can be considered equivalent to each other, uniting what had been up until then two separate domains., we can see that changing the mass of an object will also change the energy it contains, and vice versa.
The theorem shows that, for any right triangle, we can add together its two shorter legs squared and get the length of its longest leg squared. The insight brought together the disciplines of geometry and algebra, and it’s a good early example of using the relationships between shapes to derive a basic observation about numbers.
It’s something we see every day, but the significance is vast. That irreversibility underlies heady concepts like the arrow of time and entropy. Ultimately, it leads to the inevitability of the Their work led to the derivative and the integral, the two cornerstones of calculus. Derivatives give us the rate of instantaneous change of a function, and integrals give the area underneath a curve on a graph. Today, calculus is a part of engineering, physics, economics and many other scientific disciplines.
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